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THE BENEFITS OF HUNTING
Trophy hunting by 18,500 hunters generates
US$ 200 million annually in remote rural areas of Africa in 23
countries. Private hunting operations conserve wildlife on 540,000 square
miles, which is 22% more land than is found in the national parks of Africa.
(Lindsey, 2007, Conservation Biology)
“… during the late 1990s, sport hunting is
responsible for a large component of economic growth. Initially, most sport
hunting revenue accrued to government and private landowners, however, more
recently, an increasing proportion of such revenues has been apportioned between
these two sectors and local communities.” (Report of the Southern African
Development Community, a treaty organization.)
"Trophy hunting is of key importance to
conservation in Africa by creating [financial] incentives to promote and retain
wildlife as a land use over vast areas…". (National Geographic News, March,
2007)
Specific examples:
Botswana
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Trophy hunting alone currently generates $20 million annually in Botswana
and more than 1,000 jobs.
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$6.7 million is generated from trophy fees alone.
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Nearly 75% of trophy hunting revenue remains in Botswana. In comparison,
only 27% of all tourism revenue remains in Botswana.
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Trophy hunting generates 28.2% of the income for Community Based Natural
Resources Management. Almost 50% of the income is reinvested in the local
rural communities.
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In 1993, the Chobe Enclave Conservation Trust district council produced
$12,000 in revenue by sub-leasing resource use rights to safari operators. In
1994 the Trust’s revenue more than doubled to $27,000, in 1995 revenue jumped
to $77,000, and in 1996 the Trust earned $100,000 in revenue.
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Sankuyo Community followed suit in 1996 by sub-leasing their resource
rights for $90,000 per year, and the Beetsha/Seronga Community sub-leased
their rights for $110,000.
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Namibia: LIFE, Living in a Finite Environment
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2004 estimates show that trophy hunting in Namibia generates $28.5
million, representing 14% of tourism revenue and 2.3% of the entire GDP.
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The Namibian economy is 38 times smaller than South Africa’s therefore the
income from trophy hunting is 9 times more important.
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By 2003, local communities had placed 74,000 square kilometers of land
into 29 conservancies, which represent approximately 75% of all hunting lands
in Namibia.
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These 29 conservancies involve almost 150,000 rural individuals through
trophy hunting, conservancy management or secondary industries.
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The fee for hunting a single elephant is greater than what could be
generated by thirty households from agriculture or livestock in a single year.
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Zambia: ADMADE, Administrative Management Design Program
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By 1999 trophy hunting in Zambia produced close to $4.0 million annually,
however some estimates were as large as $10 million
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In 2004, Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) disbursed K1.8 billion to 49
communities living in and around Game Management Areas around the country.
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Zambia Wildlife Act of 1998 states that all revenues from trophy hunting
will accrue back to the state: includes hunting rights fees paid for lease of
land, permit fees for the hunt and the trophy --
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The government allocates the funds quarterly on a percentage basis for
Wildlife Management-45% (Zambian Game Scouts), Community Development-35%
(Community Infrastructure Projects) and Administrative-20%
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ZAWA has many contractual requirements that safari operators must comply
with to enhance the economic benefits and overall quality of life in rural
communities --
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These requirements include:
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Development and management of roads
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Employment of Zambian Professional Hunters or Apprentice Hunters
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Minimum of 80% of labor must come from neighboring communities
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Fulfillment of contractual pledges to develop local infrastructure:
schools, clinic, wells
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Employment of Zambian game scouts to manage both wildlife and poaching
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Zimbabwe: CAMPFIRE, Communal Areas Management Program for
Indigenous Resources
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Economic earnings peaked at $22.3 million in 1998; however since 1999
political instability within Zimbabwe due to government land seizures have
caused a decline in revenue.
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Still trophy hunting generated $12 billion Zimbabwe dollars in 2004 and
accounted for approximately 60-90% of all revenues for the Department of
National Parks and Wildlife Management.
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In 2000, 20 to 30% of income from trophy hunting was produced on private
land, while 70-80% was produced on the communal lands.
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Trophy hunting generates 85-90% of the income from wildlife in CAMPFIRE
areas.
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CAMPFIRE has taken strides to restore natural resource use rights to
600,000 of the poorest people in Zimbabwe.
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From 1989 to 1994 CAMPFIRE earned US$ 6,054,198.
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South Africa
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South Africa has the largest share of trophy hunting in Africa and is
responsible for nearly 85% of all trophy exports (Falkena 2003)
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U.S. $100 million was generated by foreign trophy hunters in South Africa
in 2000 (Anderson 2003) with estimates surging to nearly $137 million per year
if multiplier effects and secondary industries are considered (Damm 2004a)
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Believed that the nearly 70,000 individuals are employed by trophy hunting
and its related industries (PHASA 2004) with nearly 6,000 being directly
involved (Chardonnet 2002 and Patterson & Khosa 2005)
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The recovery of White Rhino from 30 to nearly 11,000 in South Africa has
been directly attributed to the incentives resulting from trophy hunting
(Leader-Williams et al 200?)
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Tanzania
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Has the 2nd largest share of trophy hunting in Africa after
South Africa (Hurt & Ravn 2000)
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In 2001 trophy hunting estimates ranged from as high as $36.1 million to
as low as $27.1 million (Baldus & Cauldwell 2004)
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Trophy hunting employs approximately 3,700 people annually with 2,282
individuals are permanently employed by trophy hunting with another 2,000
seasonally employed (www.tanzania.go.tz/)
who in turn support a minimum of 88,240 families (Hurt & Ravn 2000)
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There was approximately a 325% increase in trophy hunting revenue between
1988 and 1996 (Broomhead 1997)
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33% of trophy hunting revenues accrue to the state as compared to only 8%
from eco-tourism which goes to support the government (Baldus & Cauldwell
2004)
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In Selous Game Reserve, Trophy Fees represent 60% of trophy hunting income
Baldus & Cauldwell 2004)
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Revenue retention schemes have been devised where 50% of income is
retained by the reserve for management and infrastructure investment (Baldus
et al 2003)
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Revenue distribution for reserves with retention schemes (Kayera 2005)
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25% goes to Tanzanian Wildlife Protection Fund
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25% to the central treasury
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50% is retained by the reserve
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Under this scheme 42 district councils have received $5 million from
2000/1-2004/5 (Kayera 2005)
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50 of 80 villages around the Selous Game Reserve have created Wildlife
Management Areas where sustainable wildlife utilization is the primary land
use with through tourism or consumptive utilization (Baldus et al 2001)
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Sources
Anderson, H.J. 2003. An econometric analysis
of the wildlife market in South Africa. MSc Thesis, Univerity of
Cape Town, Cape Town,
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November 2005.
Baldus, R.D., & Cauldwell, A. 2005. Tourist hunting and its role in development of
wildlife management areas in Tanzania.
Proceedings of the 6th International Game Ranching Symposium. Paris July 6-9,
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Baldus, R.D., Kibonde, B., & Siege, L. 2003. 15 Years of Conservation Partnerships
in the Selous Game Reserve and Ecosystem in
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